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Advanced electrical power conditioning systems for the More Electric Aircraft Initiative involve high currents and high voltages with the attendant waste heat generation and cooling problems. The use of solid state switching devices such as MCTs for these systems will result in power dissipation of several hundred Watts per square centimeter. Conventional forced air or low velocity single phase fluid cooling is inadequate to handle the waste heat dissipation of these high power devices. More advanced and innovative methods of cooling which can use fluids available in the aircraft and also easy to package are sought. A new approach called “venturi flow cooling concept” is described. It is shown that localized cooling up to 200 W/cm2 is possible at the venturi throat region where the MCTs can be mounted. PAO coolant with Pr = 56 at 40°C can be conveniently used in aircraft.

., 90-day resupply) most of the water from urine, humidity condensate, hygeine water (shower and hand wash) and ultimately clothes and dishwashers will be recycled to eliminate the launch weight penalties associated with large amounts of water. ...., 90-day resupply) most of the water from urine, humidity condensate, hygeine water (shower and hand wash) and ultimately clothes and dishwashers will be recycled to eliminate the launch weight penalties associated with large amounts of water. Consider that each crewperson requires about 17 liters (4.5 gallons) of water daily. On a 90-day mission with a six member crew, a water supply of 9159 kilograms (20,242 pounds) would be required. ...On a 90-day mission with a six member crew, a water supply of 9159 kilograms (20,242 pounds) would be required. Presently proposed water recovery systems include the following basic steps: 1) collection, 2) treatment to stabilize, 3) a phase change reclamation process, 4) post-treatment to improve taste and remove trace organic impurities, 5) quality monitoring, 6) biocide addition, and 7) storage for reuse.

In this paper we discuss about the design and development of an “Autonomous Amphibious Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (AAUAV)” that can fly autonomously to the polluted water areas where human accessibility is formidable to test the water quality. The AAUAV system is an integrated multi-copter with tilt rotor capability to facilitate easy landing, navigation and maneuver on water. ...The AAUAV system is an integrated multi-copter with tilt rotor capability to facilitate easy landing, navigation and maneuver on water. A 3D CAD model has been designed and analyzed. A specific propulsion system has been devised and lab tested. ...This system can also be tailored to collect and store the water samples from the polluted sites for further comprehensive research at the laboratory. AAUAV system is the novel solution to the polluted environment through a complete integrated system.

The integration of membrane-aeration technology with biological water processors has direct application to wastewater treatment in microgravity because of the ability to diffuse gases across the membrane without two-phase interactions (gas-liquid). ...However, the process performance of these systems has been limited by mass transfer constraints. A novel bubbleless membrane-aeration bioreactor was design and tested at Kennedy Space Center. The Aerobic Rotational Membrane System (ARMS) consists of a rotational membrane module inside of a pressurized reactor vessel.

It is sprayed on and then rinsed off using deionized water. This process generates 900-1100 liters of wastewater containing 520 mg/l of hexavalent chromium, per aircraft.

Viability of bioregeneration for life support – providing food, water and air – on long-duration missions depends critically on cost of the plant habitat and on plant productivity in this habitat.

Activated sludge waste water processing is one of the most common technologies used in municipal waste water treatment facilities. ...Bioregenerative waste water treatment research at the NASA Johnson Space Center has, however, focused on the use of attached growth bioreactors due to their advantageous solids retention capability. ...Results were complicated by the development of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification reactions occurring in the bioreactor. This novel behavior is thought to have hampered the ability of the ASR to completely convert ammonium in the waste water feed stream.

This paper describes the results of tests run to simulate the effects of bubble contamination on the operation in zero gravity of a recirculating water loop. All major components of the loop were installed with their water inlet and outlet connections at the top to prevent bubbles from being separated and stored in the components. ...Long life in space of the Columbus recirculating water transport loop indicates probability that air bubble contamination will inadvertently be added to the loop during service revision, or repair procedures. ...Maximum air injection without adverse pump operation was determined. A brief trade-off of prospective bubble trap concepts is presented, and a preliminary investigation of a hydrophobic membrane bubble separator for this application is discussed.

Collapsible bladder tanks called Contingency Water Containers (CWCs) have been used to transfer water from the Shuttle to the Mir and the International Space Station (ISS). ...The LC/MS analysis led to a more direct and accurate method of quantification of caprolactam, using direct injection high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Re-analysis of the water samples by the HPLC method seemed to completely account (within experimental error) for the total organic carbon in the water samples. ...Because their use as potable water storage on the ISS is planned for years, efforts are underway to improve the containers, including the evaluation of new materials.

Except for elevated silica levels electrodeionization product water met NCCLS Type II water specifications. An extensive battery of physical, microbiologic, and chemical tests were performed to determine the effect of this technology on water quality and to demonstrate the interaction with the other components of a typical water purification system. ...An extensive battery of physical, microbiologic, and chemical tests were performed to determine the effect of this technology on water quality and to demonstrate the interaction with the other components of a typical water purification system. ...Municipal water was purified by an electrodeionization (ED) process for use in the research and diagnostic laboratory.

For Jules Verne mission, one of the three flight water tanks is filled with 280 kg of potable water. Two different types of water are required for the ISS according to the Russian and the US standards. ...With the first ATV flight, water compliant with Russian requirements is delivered. To guarantee the water quality to be delivered to ISS two parallel longevity tests have been carried out on the ground and flight water tanks. ...To guarantee the water quality to be delivered to ISS two parallel longevity tests have been carried out on the ground and flight water tanks. Starting from Turin tap water, SMAT produced, under Thales Alenia Space (TAS) supervision, flight water and water for pre-conditioning of on-ground and flight hardware.

Organic, inorganic and physical water quality data are reported for water transpired by several species of higher plants using an engineering and scientific testbed for high-fidelity, biological water reclamation and recycling. ...Organic, inorganic and physical water quality data are reported for water transpired by several species of higher plants using an engineering and scientific testbed for high-fidelity, biological water reclamation and recycling. Biologically-reclaimed water met NASA Shuttle potable and Space Station/Manned Systems Integration hygiene standards with regard to parameters tested without post-treatment. ...Biologically-reclaimed water met NASA Shuttle potable and Space Station/Manned Systems Integration hygiene standards with regard to parameters tested without post-treatment. Water reclaimed from 10% urine showed a 100-fold reduction in organics and inorganics, demonstrating the efficiency of biological water reclamation and the usefulness of this testbed for scientific and engineering studies.

Illustrations of the above as related to propulsion machinery and some related equipment are found in (1) need for more effective protection against sea water intrusion in turbine and hydraulic systems, (2) certain specific applications using bearings lubricated by sea water only, and (3) potential improvement in the use of sea water as a lubricant....Since the Navy's habitat is the ocean area of the world, sea water is an environmental factor which must be reckoned with and, if possible, used to advantage where lubrication of ship' s machinery is concerned. ...Illustrations of the above as related to propulsion machinery and some related equipment are found in (1) need for more effective protection against sea water intrusion in turbine and hydraulic systems, (2) certain specific applications using bearings lubricated by sea water only, and (3) potential improvement in the use of sea water as a lubricant.

The design and operation of a water system contribute greatly to the quality of water. Chemically pure water is non-existent, yet, it is possible and cost-beneficial to produce a grade of water for general and specific use. ...Results demonstrate the need for careful attention to system component selection and placement in order to provide required water quality. Water treatment and product technology application have undergone vast changes over the last 5 years. ...While more efficient and compact components for water treatment have been modified or designed, precision means for measuring water quality have not advanced as rapidly.

The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the feasibility of the combination of ultraviolet light and ozone to sterilize and to remove organics from water, (2) define the concentrations of ultraviolet light and ozone required to remove predetermined levels of microbial contamination and organic substances from water, and (3) to describe operating parameters for water sterilization and purification that can be used as a basis for designing operating systems that can be used by the Army and in manned space flight. ...This paper summarizes a study of combining ultra-violet radiation and ozone to purify water contaminated with microorganisms and organic compounds. The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the feasibility of the combination of ultraviolet light and ozone to sterilize and to remove organics from water, (2) define the concentrations of ultraviolet light and ozone required to remove predetermined levels of microbial contamination and organic substances from water, and (3) to describe operating parameters for water sterilization and purification that can be used as a basis for designing operating systems that can be used by the Army and in manned space flight. ...The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the feasibility of the combination of ultraviolet light and ozone to sterilize and to remove organics from water, (2) define the concentrations of ultraviolet light and ozone required to remove predetermined levels of microbial contamination and organic substances from water, and (3) to describe operating parameters for water sterilization and purification that can be used as a basis for designing operating systems that can be used by the Army and in manned space flight.

The results of the preliminary studies of water recycling for ESA are presented. The main conclusion is that the treatments for all waste waters, except urine, should consist of 1) Pretreatment (acidification, H202-addition, and filtration) 2) Reverse osmosis 3) Oxidation (H2O2 + UV light) 4) Reverse osmosis (neutral pH) Together with reject from reverse osmosis (RO), urine is treated by Vapour Compression Distillation (VCD). ...Microbiological studies have been made, and practical experiments with RO on shower water are mentioned. It is shown that up to 98% recovery can be obtained with a power consumption of 45-60 Wh/liter.

The use of the automatic synchronized instrument in flight over land is outlined, and its application to flight over water is described in considerable detail. Rules for aerial navigation over water, observation as to movement of wave crest and determination of wind velocity and direction are considered in their relation to the use of the instrument.

One of the proposed methods for monitoring the microbial quality of the water supply aboard the International Space Station is membrane filtration. We adapted this method for space flight by using an off-the-shelf filter unit developed by Millipore. ...After the STS-66 mission, a back-up plastic syringe and an all-metal syringe pump were added to the kit, and the hardware was used successfully to evaluate water quality aboard the Russian Mir space station.

The third couples a novel form of liquid chromatography with microlithographic miniaturization techniques. The status of the miniaturization effort, the goal of which is to achieve chip-scale separations, is briefly discussed.

The Coal-To-Liquid (CTL) synthetic aviation fuel, Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK), was studied for ignition delay, combustion delay, pressure trace, pressure rise rate, apparent heat release rate in an experimental single cylinder indirect injection (IDI) compression ignition engine and a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). Autoignition characteristics for neat IPK, neat Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), and a blend of 50%IPK and 50% ULSD were determined in the CVCC and the effects of the autoignition quality of each fuel were determined also in an IDI engine. ...The Coal-To-Liquid (CTL) synthetic aviation fuel, Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK), was studied for ignition delay, combustion delay, pressure trace, pressure rise rate, apparent heat release rate in an experimental single cylinder indirect injection (IDI) compression ignition engine and a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). ...This increase in ignition delay allowed the accumulation of fuel in the combustion chamber when running with IPK that resulted in detonation of the premixed air and fuel found to cause high levels of Ringing Intensity (RI) when running neat IPK indicated by the 60% increase in Peak Pressure Rise Rate (PPRR) when compared to ULSD at the same load.